Lockwiki - User contributions [en]

Destructive entry

2011-01-06T21:23:42Z

Robokaren: /* Methods of Destructive Entry */ Restored door rams but without the advertising

=Destructive Entry=

[[Image:Destructive_entry_door_breach_marines.jpg|thumb|right|text-top|300px|A United States Marine uses destrutive entry to breach a door in Kharma, Iraq.]]

'''Destructive entry''' (or '''forced entry''') is a method of entry characterized by damage to or destruction of a [[Lock|lock]], [[Safe|safe]], or surrounding objects, such as a [[door]], window, or wall. It is the primary method of entry in the majority of criminal cases involving the compromise of physical security, and is commonly employed by law enforcement and military personnel for rapid entry to a residence or facility. [[Locksmithing|Locksmiths]] make use of destructive entry to service and remove high-security locks and safes.

Destructive entry is contrasted with various forms of [[Covert_Entry|covert]] and [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious]] entry because of easily identifiable evidence of a compromise attempt or success. Many destructive techniques leave the lock or safe non-functional, visibly damaged, or otherwise impaired. To hide evidence of entry, damaged components must be repaired or replaced.

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== Methods of Destructive Entry ==

Destructive entry can take many forms, some of which are extremely dangerous to the user, others in the vicinity, and forensic investigators or law enforcement personnel. The choice of method depends on the personal preference, skill level, tools, time allowed for entry, and financial resources of the user.

At heart, all methods use energy or force in a directed manner to displace, damage, destroy, or weaken components. In most cases security is greatly reduced once components lose structural or molecular integrity.

; Chemicals
: Use of chemicals to affect the molecular structure of components. Chemicals, namely acids, to corrode, disintegrate, or dissolve components. Like temperature, chemicals often leave components vulnerable to other attacks.

; Compression
: Use of pressure against a component in complementary directions. Essentially, the opposite of tension. Causes distortion, compaction, or breakage of components. Compression is most often used to reduce the strength of materials so that other methods can be used.

; Impact
: Use of pressure and shock against a component. Striking (sledgehammers, door rams) and explosives are most common. Impact has a wide variety of results, including fracturing, breakage, deformation, and compression. Some methods of [[Bypass|bypass]] use impact to retract the locking [[Bolt|bolt]], most of which are destructive. [[Explosive|Explosives]] are one of the most dangerous methods of destructive entry, and use has dwindled with time as safer alternatives, such as drilling, have become popular. Impact remains a popular entry method for military, law enforcement, and fire department personnel. In an urban or civilian environment, door rams are a popular form of impact-based destructive entry. These usually consist of a metal tube with various handling points on as well as a internal kinetic energy improver. This is usually in the form of a spring or a slider housed internally of the tube.

; Shearing
: Use of pressure on a component placed betweeeen two edges. Cutting, chopping, and drilling are included in this category. Drilling is the most popular method of destructive [[Safecracking|safecracking]] and removal of locks by a locksmith. Bolt cutters and disc grinders are commonly used to remove [[padlock]]s.

; Temperature
: Use of extreme temperature to affect the molecular structure of components. High temperatures can vaporize, burn, melt, or re-temper components. Re-tempering can leave components soft or brittle, thus vulnerable to many other attacks. Low temperatures are less common, but can be used for similar purposes. An urban myth has bicycle thieves using liquid nitrogen to break bicycle U-locks. In reality, these locks are much easier to pick, bypass, or destroy through other means.

; Tension
: Use of pressure on a component in opposite directions. Stretching, pulling, prying, bending, or ripping are included in this category.

; Torsion
: Use of rotational pressure (torque) on a component. Twisting and torque are included in this category. Causes shearing, compression, and deformation of components.

== See also ==
* [[Covert_Entry|Covert Entry]]
* [[Surreptitious_Entry|Surreptitious Entry]]

[[Category:Destructive_Entry| ]]

MIWA

2010-12-30T18:32:53Z

Robokaren: Japanese info added / fixed per Miwa home page and Japanese wikipedia entry

=MIWA=

{{Lock manufacturer
|Name=MIWA
|Img=File:Miwa_logo.jpg
|Headquarters=Tokyo, Japan
|Founded=1945
|Founder=和氣一郎 (Wake Ichiro)
|Products=[[Padlock]]s, [[Cylinder|Lock cylinders]], [[Door]] hardware
}}

'''MIWA''' ('''美和ロック株式会社''') is a Japanese [[lock manufacturer]] that produces medium and high security [[padlock]]s, [[electronic lock]]s, and lock [[cylinder]]s. MIWA is the larget Japanese manufacturer of mechanical and electronic locks. They are best known for their various [[Magnetic lock|magnetic]] and [[hybrid lock|hybrid]] high security lock designs.

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== History ==

Miwa can trace its roots to a munitions factory (Miwa Kogyo) founded by its created, Wake Ichiro, in 1935. They incorporated in 1945. After the war, the company was demilitarized and for a while made cutting tools for lawnmowers. In 1950, on the request of the Bank of Japan, they started research on keys and key technology. They formally changed their name to Miwa Locks in 1972.

Add to me!

== Lock Listing ==

* [[MIWA 3800]]
* [[MIWA EC]]
* [[MIWA PR|MIWA PR/U9]]
* [[MIWA VM99]]
* [[MIWA Wafer]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.miwalock.com/ MIWA US homepage]
* [http://www.miwalock.jp/ MIWA Japan homepage (Japanese)]
* [http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%92%8C%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF Japanese Wikipedia entry for Miwa Locks]

== See also ==

* [[Lock Manufacturers]]
* [[Pin-tumbler]]
* [[Magnetic lock]]

[[Category:MIWA| ]]
[[Category:Lock Manufacturers]]

Forensics

2010-12-30T18:14:56Z

Robokaren: /* History */ Grammar

=Forensic Locksmithing=

[[File:Forensics_pin_picked.jpg|thumb|right|text-top|240px|Forensic evidence left on a [[pin-tumbler]] by [[lockpicking]] tools.]]

'''Forensic locksmithing''' (or '''investigative locksmithing''', '''forensics''') is the study of the forensic evidence left behind by different entry techniques on [[lock]]s and [[safes]], as well as surrounding areas such as [[door]]s, windows, and walls. [[Locksmith]]s who provide forensic services are referred to as forensic or investigative locksmiths.

The forensic locksmith assists investigative agencies in criminal investigations, insurance claims, and security maintenance by providing the facts surrounding the compromise of a lock or [[key]] system. In this regard, the forensic locksmith identifies the method of entry, tools used, skill level of attacker(s), the relative security of the system, and evidence that may be used to identify suspects. The forensic locksmith does not solve cases for the investigative agency, rather they provide facts, evidence, and insight that may be used to affect the outcome of an investigation.<ref>[http://www.lockpickingforensics.com/forensic_locksmithing.php Lockpicking Forensics - Forensic Locksmithing]</ref> 

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== History ==

Art Paholke of the Chicago Police Department is considered the father of forensic locksmithing. In the 1970s, working in the crime lab, he researched various methods of attack against locks, safes, and keys. He would look at each attack to determine what it changed and what evidence it could provide. He also examined the ways in which wear of the cylinder affects marks left by various attacks. Many modern techniques and procedures used by forensic locksmiths are credited to the research and innovations of Mr. Paholke.



== Forensic Evidence ==

All [[Destructive entry|destructive]] and [[Covert entry|covert]] methods of entry leave some form of forensic evidence. The latter leaves evidence that is not normally detected by normal users but can be discovered by a trained forensic locksmith. Attempts to conceal evidence from both types of entry methods is usually done through repair or replacement of affected components. This in itself may leave forensic evidence, as well.

; [[Lockpicking]]
: Scratches along the pin-tumblers, plug walls, and [[actuator]] are common. It is extremely difficult to pick a lock with traditional tools without leaving any scratches. See [[#Anti_forensics|Anti forensics]] below.

; [[Key bumping]] and [[Pick gun]]s
: Impact marks along the base of the tumblers are present, as well as marks on the [[plug]] walls and pin chambers. Each type of impact leaves a different tool mark, including a distinction between manual and electric pick guns. With key bumping, distortion to the keyway caused by the shoulder and bow of the key may also be present.

; [[Decoding]]
: Varied evidence is left by decoding depending on the tools and techniques used. Common "pick" decoders leave evidence similar to traditional lockpicking attacks. Many forms of decoding are also surreptitious.

; [[Impressioning]]
: In copy-based impressioning, trace evidence on the source or duplicate keys may be found, such as wax, clay, or silicon. Keys made via copy impressioning are generally made of a weak, low-melting point metal, which is also suspect. Manipulation based impressioning leaves various shear marks on the components. Pressure responsive techniques also leave various types of trace evidence, such as foil or lead. Excessive torque applied during manipulation based impressioning may also distort various components, such as the pin chambers in a [[pin-tumbler]] plug.

; [[Bypass]]
: Traditional attacks against the locking [[bolt]] or [[actuator]] leave distinct tool marks on these components. Tool marks on these components are generally suspect because these components rarely interact directly with the key or locking components. Some methods of bypass are surreptitious, and others destructive. The specific tools and techniques used will determine the type of forensic evidence left behind.

; [[Destructive entry]]
: Varied evidence is left by the destruction of a lock, safe, door, wall, window, or surrounding areas. Destructive entry is detectable by normal users.

== Anti forensics ==

Anti-forensics are tools and techniques that attempt to evade forensic detection. All [[surreptitious entry]] techniques are technically anti-forensics, though improper preparation or use of these tools and techniques may cause them to inadvertently leave evidence.

[[File:Lockpicking_Fiberglass_pick.jpg|thumb|left|text-top|150px|A fiberglass lockpick.]]
=== Non-steel lockpicks ===

The use of non-steel [[Picks|lockpicks]] is a common idea. Plastic, rubber, or similar materials would, in theory, not leave marks on the brass or nickel-silver components of most locks. The overriding problem with these tools is that they are hard to make, and extremely hard to use.<ref>datagram. 2009. [http://www.lockpickingforensics.com/articles/keystothefarm.pdf Anti-Forensics: The Keys to the Farm].</ref> Most are weak and provide little feedback during lockpicking.<br clear=all>

=== Glue gun shoulder (key bumping)===

The shoulder of a key can be replaced with one made of soft rubber, such as a glue gun stick. This mitigates damage done to the face of the lock but does not prevent forensic evidence on the pin-tumblers, pin chambers, or plug walls.

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [http://www.iail.org International Association of Investigative Locksmiths (IAIL) homepage]
* [http://www.lockpickingforensics.com Lockpicking Forensics homepage]

== See also ==

* [[Covert Entry]]
* [[Surreptitious Entry]]
* [[Destructive Entry]]
* [[Lockpicking]]

Lockpicking

2010-12-30T18:13:33Z

Robokaren: /* Tools Used */ Fix to link

=Lockpicking=

[[Image:Lockwiki_Vachette_VIP_picked.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|300px|A Vachette VIP [[Cylinder|cylinder]] that has been picked.]]

Lockpicking is the art of opening a [[Lock|lock]] through the analysis and manipulation of its components without using a [[Key|key]] intended to open the lock. The process is generally non-destructive and [[Covert Entry|covert]], and is contrasted with various forms of [[Destructive Entry|destructive entry]]. When dealing with the opening of [[Safe|safes]] or vaults, it is referred to as [[Safecracking|safecracking]]. A [[Bypass|bypass]] is technically different than picking the lock, though there are many similarities between the two techniques.

Lockpicking is made possible by small irregularities during the manufacturing of locks. Small variations in the size, shape, and alignment of components allows for picking tools to be used to pick the lock. Depending on the type of lock, different methods of picking may be available.

The practice of recreational or competitive lockpicking is known as [[locksport]].

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==History==

Add to me!

==Picking Methods==

There are various methods used to successfully pick a lock. There is no "right" way to pick; every lockpicker has their own preference. The most common types of picking are listed:

;Single Component Picking
:A pick designed to manipulate individual components is used. Single pin picking focuses on the irregularities of each individual component to determine the order of [[Binding|binding]] and proper position of each component. Commonly referred to as single "pin" picking, but applicable to non-pin locks, too. Though many pick types are suitable, the classic hook shaped pick is most appropriate.

;[[Raking]]
:A pick designed to manipulate many (or all) components is used. Raking focuses on rapidly varying the position of components in the lock to simulate a wide variety of key depths. Raking is especially effective if the proper position of components is in a predictable pattern, such as a staircase. Picks specifically designed for raking are known as rakes.

;[[Pick_Gun|Pick Guns]]
:A pick gun is designed to hit the bottom of all pins and transfer energy to the pin stacks to allow for rapid opening of the lock mechanism. Vibration picks fall into this same category.

;[[Bumping|Bump Keys]]
:A key with depth cuts to the lowest positions. Key bumping is a fundamental problem in most pin tumbler locks that allows for energy transfer between the bump key and the pin stacks to allow for rapid opening of the lock mechanism. This is similar in function to the use of a pick gun.

;[[Tryout_Keys|Tryout Keys]]
:A set of keys modified to different depth positions. Tryout keys take advantage of poor tolerances in locking components. While most locks represent themselves as having a large amount of theoretical [[Differs|key differs]], some have very few due to poor tolerances.

;[[Comb_Pick|Comb Picks]]
:A pin-tumbler pick designed to move all pin stacks out of their blocking position by pushing them into the cylinder chambers, allowing the plug to rotate freely.

;[[Impressioning]]
:The process of duplicating or otherwise simulating the action of a proper key for the target lock. Impression can take many forms, some of which are not strictly classified as lockpicking.

;[[Decoding]]
:The process of decoding the position of internal components either through manipulation of components, disassembly of the lock, or analysis of the key. Decoding can take many forms, most of which are not strictly classified as lockpicking.

==Tools Used==

[[Image:Lockwiki_Pin-tumbler_picks.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|200px|A standard set of [[Pin_tumbler|pin-tumbler]] lockpicking tools.]]

The specific tools used to open the look depend on the [[Lock#Lock_Designs|design of the lock]] and the preferences of the lockpicker.

Traditional picking of most locks involves both a [[Picks|pick]] and [[Tension|tension tool]]. The pick is used to manipulate internal components to their unlocked position and the tension tool is used to hold the components in place and retract the locking bolt once the lock is picked. When all components are in the unlocked position the lock is free to open and considered picked. This applies to pin-tumbler, tubular/axial, dimple, and lever locks.

Most forms of lock picking are [[covert entry|covert]] rather than [[surreptitious entry|surreptitious]] as minor scarring can occur to the face and pins of the lock that can aid in [[Forensics|forensic]] analysis.

[[Warded]] locks are distinct because they do not require a tension tool to be picked; only the picking tool is used.

[[Combination]] locks generally do not require tools unless they are a hybrid locking design. Most combination locks are opened with [[decoding]] or [[bypass]] rather than picking.

==Legality==
:''See [[Legal Issues]].''

==Lockpicking in the Media==

Lockpicking has been portrayed in many television shows and films. Often techniques and tools are incorrect, with the most common mistake being the lack of a tension tool. In most cases the lock is picked almost instantly, which misrepresents the difficulty and skill involved in picking the majority of locks.

Television:
* 24
* Burn Notice
* Dexter
* Desperate Housewives
* Heroes
* House
* Lost
* MacGuyver
* Monk
* Mythbusters [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU25tflOK1E 1]
* N.C.I.S.
* Supernatural
* The X-Files

Films:
* Das Leben Der Anderen [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kYNK5PjoZ0 1]
* Foolproof
* Gone in 60 Seconds
* Midnight Run
* Mission Impossible 3
* Predator 2
* Real Genius
* See No Evil
* Sherlock Holmes
* Silence of the Lambs
* US Marshalls
* Terminator 2
* The Italian Job
* The Skulls
* Watchmen

==Lockpicking in the News==

* WIRED Magazine. [http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds ''The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist''].

==See also==
* [[Lock]]
* [[Key]]
* [[Locksport]]
* [[Impressioning]]
* [[Decoding]]
* [[Bypass]]

[[Category:Covert Entry]]
[[Category:Lockpicking| ]]

Category:Surreptitious Entry

2010-12-30T18:12:35Z

Robokaren: /* Surreptitious Entry */ Grammar

=Surreptitious Entry=

Surreptitious entry is a method of entry that would be both undetectable during normal use and undetectable during inspection by a qualified person. Very few techniques are classified as surreptitious because most leave discreet yet distinct [[Forensics|forensic]] evidence.

==See also==
* [[Covert_Entry|Covert Entry]]
* [[Loiding]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

Lockpicking

2010-12-30T18:11:53Z

Robokaren: /* Tools Used */ Added covert and forensic analysis

=Lockpicking=

[[Image:Lockwiki_Vachette_VIP_picked.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|300px|A Vachette VIP [[Cylinder|cylinder]] that has been picked.]]

Lockpicking is the art of opening a [[Lock|lock]] through the analysis and manipulation of its components without using a [[Key|key]] intended to open the lock. The process is generally non-destructive and [[Covert Entry|covert]], and is contrasted with various forms of [[Destructive Entry|destructive entry]]. When dealing with the opening of [[Safe|safes]] or vaults, it is referred to as [[Safecracking|safecracking]]. A [[Bypass|bypass]] is technically different than picking the lock, though there are many similarities between the two techniques.

Lockpicking is made possible by small irregularities during the manufacturing of locks. Small variations in the size, shape, and alignment of components allows for picking tools to be used to pick the lock. Depending on the type of lock, different methods of picking may be available.

The practice of recreational or competitive lockpicking is known as [[locksport]].

__TOC__

==History==

Add to me!

==Picking Methods==

There are various methods used to successfully pick a lock. There is no "right" way to pick; every lockpicker has their own preference. The most common types of picking are listed:

;Single Component Picking
:A pick designed to manipulate individual components is used. Single pin picking focuses on the irregularities of each individual component to determine the order of [[Binding|binding]] and proper position of each component. Commonly referred to as single "pin" picking, but applicable to non-pin locks, too. Though many pick types are suitable, the classic hook shaped pick is most appropriate.

;[[Raking]]
:A pick designed to manipulate many (or all) components is used. Raking focuses on rapidly varying the position of components in the lock to simulate a wide variety of key depths. Raking is especially effective if the proper position of components is in a predictable pattern, such as a staircase. Picks specifically designed for raking are known as rakes.

;[[Pick_Gun|Pick Guns]]
:A pick gun is designed to hit the bottom of all pins and transfer energy to the pin stacks to allow for rapid opening of the lock mechanism. Vibration picks fall into this same category.

;[[Bumping|Bump Keys]]
:A key with depth cuts to the lowest positions. Key bumping is a fundamental problem in most pin tumbler locks that allows for energy transfer between the bump key and the pin stacks to allow for rapid opening of the lock mechanism. This is similar in function to the use of a pick gun.

;[[Tryout_Keys|Tryout Keys]]
:A set of keys modified to different depth positions. Tryout keys take advantage of poor tolerances in locking components. While most locks represent themselves as having a large amount of theoretical [[Differs|key differs]], some have very few due to poor tolerances.

;[[Comb_Pick|Comb Picks]]
:A pin-tumbler pick designed to move all pin stacks out of their blocking position by pushing them into the cylinder chambers, allowing the plug to rotate freely.

;[[Impressioning]]
:The process of duplicating or otherwise simulating the action of a proper key for the target lock. Impression can take many forms, some of which are not strictly classified as lockpicking.

;[[Decoding]]
:The process of decoding the position of internal components either through manipulation of components, disassembly of the lock, or analysis of the key. Decoding can take many forms, most of which are not strictly classified as lockpicking.

==Tools Used==

[[Image:Lockwiki_Pin-tumbler_picks.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|200px|A standard set of [[Pin_tumbler|pin-tumbler]] lockpicking tools.]]

The specific tools used to open the look depend on the [[Lock#Lock_Designs|design of the lock]] and the preferences of the lockpicker.

Traditional picking of most locks involves both a [[Picks|pick]] and [[Tension|tension tool]]. The pick is used to manipulate internal components to their unlocked position and the tension tool is used to hold the components in place and retract the locking bolt once the lock is picked. When all components are in the unlocked position the lock is free to open and considered picked. This applies to pin-tumbler, tubular/axial, dimple, and lever locks.

Most forms of lock picking are [[covert entry|covert]] rather than [[surreptitious entry|surreptitious]] as minor scarring can occur to the face and pins of the lock that can aid in [[Forensic Locksmithing|forensic]] analysis.

[[Warded]] locks are distinct because they do not require a tension tool to be picked; only the picking tool is used.

[[Combination]] locks generally do not require tools unless they are a hybrid locking design. Most combination locks are opened with [[decoding]] or [[bypass]] rather than picking.

==Legality==
:''See [[Legal Issues]].''

==Lockpicking in the Media==

Lockpicking has been portrayed in many television shows and films. Often techniques and tools are incorrect, with the most common mistake being the lack of a tension tool. In most cases the lock is picked almost instantly, which misrepresents the difficulty and skill involved in picking the majority of locks.

Television:
* 24
* Burn Notice
* Dexter
* Desperate Housewives
* Heroes
* House
* Lost
* MacGuyver
* Monk
* Mythbusters [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kU25tflOK1E 1]
* N.C.I.S.
* Supernatural
* The X-Files

Films:
* Das Leben Der Anderen [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kYNK5PjoZ0 1]
* Foolproof
* Gone in 60 Seconds
* Midnight Run
* Mission Impossible 3
* Predator 2
* Real Genius
* See No Evil
* Sherlock Holmes
* Silence of the Lambs
* US Marshalls
* Terminator 2
* The Italian Job
* The Skulls
* Watchmen

==Lockpicking in the News==

* WIRED Magazine. [http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds ''The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist''].

==See also==
* [[Lock]]
* [[Key]]
* [[Locksport]]
* [[Impressioning]]
* [[Decoding]]
* [[Bypass]]

[[Category:Covert Entry]]
[[Category:Lockpicking| ]]

Yale

2010-12-30T15:19:56Z

Robokaren: /* History */ Fixed grammar

=Yale=

{{Lock manufacturer
|Name=Yale
|Img=File:Yale_logo.jpg
|Img_size=150px
|Headquarters=
|Founded=1868
|Founder=Linus Yale, Jr., Henry Robinson Towne
|Products=[[Padlock]]s, [[Cylinder|Lock cylinders]], [[Electronic lock]]s
}}

'''Yale''' is an American [[Lock Manufacturers|lock manufacturer]] that produces low and medium security [[padlock]]s, [[Cylinder|lock cylinders]], and [[electronic lock]]s. Yale is best know for originating the common [[pin-tumbler]] design in the 1800s. This basic design is still in use today.

Yale is part of the [[ASSA-Abloy]] group.

__TOC__

== History ==

Yale's origins date back to the 1840s when [[Linus Yale Sr|Linus Yale, Sr.]] opened the Yale Lock Shop in Newport, New York.<ref>[http://www.yalelock.com/en/yale/com/About-Yale/History-of-Yale/ The History of Yale and Yale Locks]</ref> Yale focused on handmade bank locks, patenting a variety of combination lock designs. He also redesigned the Egyptian [[pin-tumbler]] design, the basis for modern pin-tumblers. Yale's son, [[Linus Yale Jr|Linus Yale, Jr.]], went on to continue his fathers work. He improved on the design of the pin-tumbler lock and in 1868 formed the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company with [[Henry Robinson Towne]]. The duo used the Yale patents to design a variety of door locks and [[padlock]]s. In 1879 Yale purchased H. and T. Vaughan Ltd, a company that specialized in door closers. In 2000 Yale was purchased by the [[ASSA-Abloy]] group. Since then the company name has simply been "Yale."

The Yale lock began with the original flat trefoil key which was superseded by the corrugated key in 1882 which itself was replaced by the paracentric key in 1892.

'''Trivia:''' Linus Yale Sr. is a distant relative of Elihu Yale, who was an early benefactor and namesake of Yale University. Although both Yale locks and Yale University are both located in the state of Connecticut (USA), there is no business relationship between the two.

== Lock Listing ==

* [[Pin-tumbler]] locks
** [[Yale U.S.N. Electric]]

* [[Warded]] locks
** [[Yale 324]]

* [[Lever]] locks
** Add to me!

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [http://www.yalelock.com Yale company homepage]

== See also ==

* [[Lock Manufacturers]]
* [[Pin-tumbler]]
* [[Linus Yale Jr]]
* [[Linus Yale Sr]]

[[Category:Lock Manufacturers]]
[[Category:Yale| ]]

Safecracking

2010-12-30T05:14:31Z

Robokaren: /* Sawing, Cutting, and Grinding */ Fixed grammar

= Safecracking =

[[Image:Safe_dial_drilled.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|250px|A safe that has been cracked via [[Destructive_Entry|drilling]].]]

'''Safecracking''' is the art of opening a [[Safe|safe]] without the proper [[Key|key]] or [[Combination|combination]]. The process may be either non-destructive or [[Destructive_Entry|destructive]] depending on the techniques used. While commonly associated with combination safes, non-destructive safecracking includes non-combination locks, as well. Safecracking is frequently used by [[Locksmithing|locksmiths]], safe technicians, and [[Locksport|locksport]] enthusiasts.

Like lockpicking tools, the legality of owning, making, or selling safecracking tools varies by country, state, and province. Please see [[Legal_Issues|legal issues]] for more information.

__TOC__

== History ==

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== Non-Destructive Safecracking ==

Most non-destructive safecracking focuses on defeating the [[Lock|lock]] on the safe, either through manipulation or [[Bypass|bypass]]. Manipulation may take the form of lockpicking, impressioning, or decoding. Because of the popularity of combination locks, manipulation is most commonly associated with [[Decoding|decoding]] of the combination through touch and sound.

=== Manipulation ===

:''See also [[Lockpicking]], [[Impressioning]], [[Decoding]], and [[Bypass]].''

Manipulation of combination safes involves using sight, touch, and (to a lesser extent) hearing to determine the correct combination to open the safe. The process involves diagnostic tests using the safe dial to assess the correct position of each wheel within the lock. Because manipulation simulates the normal action of the combination lock it is considered [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious entry]].

Add to me!

=== Auto-dialers ===

Auto-dialers (or robot dialers) are computer controlled machines that brute-force the combination of a safe. Auto-dialers may either test the entire set of possible combinations or take into account the tolerances of the lock to reduce the search space dramatically. Auto dialers may also test factory default or predictable combinations given the model of the lock and personal information of the owner(s). Auto-dialers are generally considered surreptitious, but the mounting of the device onto the safe dial may leave [[Forensics|forensic]] evidence.

=== Vibration ===

Vibration is applied to the dial of a combination lock to force the wheel gates to slowly rotate to the proper position. This occurs because of the weight difference between the wheel and the gate. Vibration quickly became problematic on military naval vessels where vibration was a natural part of the environment. Most modern combination safes are now designed so that wheels are properly weighted to prevent this attack.

=== Radiological ===

Radiological safecracking focuses on using special tools and devices to view the safe in various methods not normally discernable by the human eye. Radiological attacks are generally [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious]] unless easily detectable forensic evidence is left behind.

Penetrating radiation (beta ray, gamma ray, neutron beam, ultrasound, X-ray) is used to reveal the correct positions of internal components. This approach is most commonly used to find the correct position of wheels in a combination lock. Wheel made of low density materials, such as nylon or polyoxymethylene (Delrin), are used to frustrate this kind of attack.

Thermal and ultra-violet imaging is used against push-button or keypad based combination safes to reveal heat/UV residue on points recently touched by an authorized user. While this technique may not directly reveal the combination, it can drastically reduce the search space to a handful of potential combinations.

== Destructive Safecracking ==

:''Also see [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

===Drilling===

Drilling is the most common method of destructive safecracking. In drilling, one or more holes is drilled into the safe in order to destroy the locking bolt, the lock cylinder, or allow viewing of internal components to aid in lockpicking or decoding of the lock components.

===Explosives===

Explosives are used to damage or remove hardplate material, locks, relockers, bolts, and door hinges. Explosives are historically popular but use has dwindled with time as more advanced relocking mechanisms have become commonplace on high-security safes, limiting the effectiveness of targetted explosives. Modern explosives are still capable of compromising any safe, but are not as widely used bceause of the possibility of physical injury and collateral damage. The popularity and effectiveness of drilling techniques have also helped to reduce the use of explosives.

===Impact===

Impact may be used to fracture or destroy the safe's barrier material or locking mechanism in a variety of ways.

* Dropping the safe from a high altitude.
* In combination safes, the dial is removed and the dial spindle is impacted to cause the wheel pack to break through the casing. Most modern safes have a default relocker to prevent this.
* Repeated impact to the locking bolt causing it to deform, shear, or weaken.

=== Sawing, Cutting, and Grinding ===

A high speed grinder, saw, or similar tool is used to cut through barrier material, hinges, or, if exposed, the locking bolt. Like drilling, these methods are particularly effective against safes that are not classified as burglarly resistant.

=== Peeling ===

An axe is used to break into the barrier material and a crowbar or similar tool is used to peel the barrier material away. This technique is rarely effective against modern safes and is extremely time and labor intensive.

=== Prying ===

A crowbar or similar tool is used to pry apart the door or side of the safe. Unlike peeling, prying actually tears the safe open, rather than peeling off barrier materials. This attack is also time and labor intensive, but is somewhat more effective than peeling against modern safes.

== Safecracking in the Media ==

Safecracking is frequently portrayed in television shows, films, and literature. As with lockpicking, the tools or techniques used are often inaccurate. Namely, the use of a stethoscope, or counting the number of clicks made by dial rotation.

Television:
* Mythbusters

Films:

* Bad Santa
* Blue Streak
* Brainiac
* Die Hard
* Heat
* Hudson Hawk
* Killing Zoe
* Ocean's Eleven
* On Her Majesty's Secret Service
* Safe Men
* Short Circuit 2
* Small Time Crooks
* The Bank Job
* The Italian Job
* The Ladykillers
* The Newton Boys
* The Score
* Thief
* Thunderbolt and Lightfoot
* Vabank
* You Only Live Twice

Literature:
* [http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/o_henry/106/ A Retrieved Reformation], O. Henry (1909)
* Cryptonomicon, Neal Stephenson (1999)

== Safecracking in the News ==

* WIRED Magazine, ''The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist''. [http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds 1]

== See also ==

* [[Safe]]
* [[Lock]]
* [[Surreptitious_Entry|Surreptitious Entry]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

[[Category:Surreptitious_Entry]]
[[Category:Destructive_Entry]]
[[Category:Safecracking]]

Loiding

2010-12-30T05:11:17Z

Robokaren: /* Loiding */ Added surrep entry link

=Loiding =

'''Loiding''' is the use of a flat object such as a credit card to shim spring-latch locks on doors. It is a form of [[bypass]]. The flat object is slid between the latch and strike plate and used to retract the latch.

Modern spring-latch doors use a deadlatch or dead locking plunger to prevent loiding.

Loiding can be considered a form of [[surreptitious entry]] as it leaves behind no evidence of its use if done correctly.

Category:Surreptitious Entry

2010-12-30T05:10:29Z

Robokaren: /* See also */

=Surreptitious Entry=

Surreptitious entry is a method of entry that would be undetectable during normal use and undetectable during inspection by a qualified person. Very few techniques are classified as surreptitious because most leave discreet yet distinct [[Forensics|forensic]] evidence.

==See also==
* [[Covert_Entry|Covert Entry]]
* [[Loiding]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

Bypass

2010-12-30T05:09:15Z

Robokaren: /* Methods of Bypass */ Link to slim jim

=Bypass=

A '''bypass''' occurs when a [[Lock|lock]] is compromised without affecting the integrity of the lock [[Cylinder|cylinder]]. Generally, the [[Bolt|bolt]] or [[Actuator|actuator]] are targeted, though in some methods a knob or handle on the rear of a [[door]] is manipulated to allow entry. Bypass takes many forms, and can be either [[Non-destructive_Entry|non-destructive]] or [[Destructive_Entry|destructive]] depending on the technique used.

Bypass may also be used as a generic term for any technique used to [[Lock#Compromise_of_Locks|compromise]] a lock.

==Methods of Bypass==

There are few generic methods of bypass for lock cylinders; techniques are specific to design or installation flaws present in certain locks.

;Padlock Shimming
:Padlock shimming is perhaps the most ubiquitous method of bypass. It involves taking a small piece of metal and separating the locking bolt from the shackle in a padlock. Many low to medium security padlocks are vulnerable to this technique. Shims are available commercially, but can be made quickly with aluminum cans or, surprisingly, sufficiently strong paper.

;Lock Actuator Attacks
:Flaws in the design and placement of the locking actuator for the cylinder may allow a bypass tool to retract the locking bolt without the proper key inserted, or even internal components being in the proper positions. Various lock manufacturers have suffered from this vulnerability in the past.

;Locking Bolt Attacks
:Flaws in the design or installation of the locking bolt may allow the bolt to be retracted without using the correct key or picking the lock cylinder. The classic credit-card opening of doors (known as [[loiding]]) and the use of [[slim jim]]s on cars are two popular examples.

== See also ==

* [[Lockpicking]]
* [[Bolt]]
* [[Actuator]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]
* [[Loiding]]

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Covert Entry]]

Bypass

2010-12-30T05:08:41Z

Robokaren: /* See also */

=Bypass=

A '''bypass''' occurs when a [[Lock|lock]] is compromised without affecting the integrity of the lock [[Cylinder|cylinder]]. Generally, the [[Bolt|bolt]] or [[Actuator|actuator]] are targeted, though in some methods a knob or handle on the rear of a [[door]] is manipulated to allow entry. Bypass takes many forms, and can be either [[Non-destructive_Entry|non-destructive]] or [[Destructive_Entry|destructive]] depending on the technique used.

Bypass may also be used as a generic term for any technique used to [[Lock#Compromise_of_Locks|compromise]] a lock.

==Methods of Bypass==

There are few generic methods of bypass for lock cylinders; techniques are specific to design or installation flaws present in certain locks.

;Padlock Shimming
:Padlock shimming is perhaps the most ubiquitous method of bypass. It involves taking a small piece of metal and separating the locking bolt from the shackle in a padlock. Many low to medium security padlocks are vulnerable to this technique. Shims are available commercially, but can be made quickly with aluminum cans or, surprisingly, sufficiently strong paper.

;Lock Actuator Attacks
:Flaws in the design and placement of the locking actuator for the cylinder may allow a bypass tool to retract the locking bolt without the proper key inserted, or even internal components being in the proper positions. Various lock manufacturers have suffered from this vulnerability in the past.

;Locking Bolt Attacks
:Flaws in the design or installation of the locking bolt may allow the bolt to be retracted without using the correct key or picking the lock cylinder. The classic credit-card opening of doors (known as [[loiding]]) and slim jim on cars are two popular examples.

== See also ==

* [[Lockpicking]]
* [[Bolt]]
* [[Actuator]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]
* [[Loiding]]

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Covert Entry]]

Latch

2010-12-30T05:07:05Z

Robokaren: /* See also */

=Latch=

[[Image:Lockwiki_Latch.jpg|thumb|A common style residential latch.]]

A latch is a primary component of many [[Lock|locks]]. When activated, latches are positioned within a recess to prevent something from moving or opening. Latches are similar in function to [[Bolt|bolts]], but are instead angled or beveled. The bypass of latches in doors is called [[loiding]].

== Types of Latches ==

; Deadlatch
: A latch with a beveled edge that is locked by end pressure.

; Deadlocking Night Latch
: A latch that uses repeated actions to lock, double lock, or unlock.

; Mortise Deadlatch
: A deadlatch that is installed within a [[door]].

; Narrow Stile Latch
: A latch designed to automatically keep a door closed. Similar to a deadlatch, though not subject to end pressure.

==See also==
* [[Bolt]]
* [[Lock]]
* [[Actuator]]
* [[Loiding]]

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Locks]]

Destructive entry

2010-12-29T19:17:06Z

Robokaren: /* Destructive Entry */ Added liquid nitrogen

=Destructive Entry=

[[Image:Destructive_entry_door_breach_marines.jpg|thumb|right|text-top|300px|A United States Marine uses destrutive entry to breach a door in Kharma, Iraq.]]

'''Destructive entry''' (or '''forced entry''') is a method of entry characterized by damage to or destruction of a [[Lock|lock]], [[Safe|safe]], or surrounding objects, such as a [[door]], window, or wall. It is the primary method of entry in the majority of criminal cases involving the compromise of physical security, and is commonly employed by law enforcement and military personnel for rapid entry to a residence or facility. [[Locksmithing|Locksmiths]] make use of destructive entry to service and remove high-security locks and safes.

Destructive entry is contrasted with various forms of [[Covert_Entry|covert]] and [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious]] entry because of easily identifiable evidence of a compromise attempt or success. Many destructive techniques leave the lock or safe non-functional, visibly damaged, or otherwise impaired. To hide evidence of entry, damaged components must be repaired or replaced.

__TOC__

== Methods of Destructive Entry ==

Destructive entry can take many forms, some of which are extremely dangerous to the user, others in the vicinity, and forensic investigators or law enforcement personnel. The choice of method depends on the personal preference, skill level, tools, time allowed for entry, and financial resources of the user.

At heart, all methods use energy or force in a directed manner to displace, damage, destroy, or weaken components. In most cases security is greatly reduced once components lose structural or molecular integrity.

; Chemicals
: Use of chemicals to affect the molecular structure of components. Chemicals, namely acids, to corrode, disintegrate, or dissolve components. Like temperature, chemicals often leave components vulnerable to other attacks.

; Compression
: Use of pressure against a component in complementary directions. Essentially, the opposite of tension. Causes distortion, compaction, or breakage of components. Compression is most often used to reduce the strength of materials so that other methods can be used.

; Impact
: Use of pressure and shock against a component. Striking (sledgehammers, door rams) and explosives are most common. Impact has a wide variety of results, including fracturing, breakage, deformation, and compression. Some methods of [[Bypass|bypass]] use impact to retract the locking [[Bolt|bolt]], most of which are destructive. [[Explosive|Explosives]] are one of the most dangerous methods of destructive entry, and use has dwindled with time as safer alternatives, such as drilling, have become popular. Impact remains a popular entry method for military, law enforcement, and fire department personnel.

; Shearing
: Use of pressure on a component placed betweeeen two edges. Cutting, chopping, and drilling are included in this category. Drilling is the most popular method of destructive [[Safecracking|safecracking]] and removal of locks by a locksmith. Bolt cutters and disc grinders are commonly used to remove [[padlock]]s.

; Temperature
: Use of extreme temperature to affect the molecular structure of components. High temperatures can vaporize, burn, melt, or re-temper components. Re-tempering can leave components soft or brittle, thus vulnerable to many other attacks. Low temperatures are less common, but can be used for similar purposes. An urban myth has bicycle thieves using liquid nitrogen to break bicycle U-locks. In reality, these locks are much easier to pick, bypass, or destroy through other means.

; Tension
: Use of pressure on a component in opposite directions. Stretching, pulling, prying, bending, or ripping are included in this category.

; Torsion
: Use of rotational pressure (torque) on a component. Twisting and torque are included in this category. Causes shearing, compression, and deformation of components.

== See also ==
* [[Covert_Entry|Covert Entry]]
* [[Surreptitious_Entry|Surreptitious Entry]]

[[Category:Destructive_Entry| ]]

Latch

2010-12-29T19:15:45Z

Robokaren: /* Latch */ Added loiding

Yale

2010-12-29T19:13:15Z

Robokaren: /* History */ Added Yale University info

=Yale=

{{Lock manufacturer
|Name=Yale
|Img=File:Yale_logo.jpg
|Img_size=150px
|Headquarters=
|Founded=1868
|Founder=Linus Yale, Jr., Henry Robinson Towne
|Products=[[Padlock]]s, [[Cylinder|Lock cylinders]], [[Electronic lock]]s
}}

'''Yale''' is an American [[Lock Manufacturers|lock manufacturer]] that produces low and medium security [[padlock]]s, [[Cylinder|lock cylinders]], and [[electronic lock]]s. Yale is best know for originating the common [[pin-tumbler]] design in the 1800s. This basic design is still in use today.

Yale is part of the [[ASSA-Abloy]] group.

__TOC__

== History ==

Yale's origins date back to the 1840s when [[Linus Yale Sr|Linus Yale, Sr.]] opened the Yale Lock Shop in Newport, New York.<ref>[http://www.yalelock.com/en/yale/com/About-Yale/History-of-Yale/ The History of Yale and Yale Locks]</ref> Yale focused on handmade bank locks, patenting a variety of combination lock designs. He also redesigned the Egyptian [[pin-tumbler]] design, the basis for modern pin-tumblers. Yale's son, [[Linus Yale Jr|Linus Yale, Jr.]], went on to continue his fathers work. He improved on the design of the pin-tumbler lock and in 1868 formed the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company with [[Henry Robinson Towne]]. The duo used the Yale patents to design a variety of door locks and [[padlock]]s. In 1879 Yale purchased H. and T. Vaughan Ltd, a company that specialized in door closers. In 2000 Yale was purchased by the [[ASSA-Abloy]] group. Since then the company name has simply been "Yale."

The Yale lock began with the original flat trefoil key which was superseded by the corrugated key in 1882 which itself was replace by the paracentric key in 1892.

Trivia: Linus Yale Sr. is a distant relative of Elihu Yale, who was an early benefactor and namesake of Yale University. Although both Yale locks and Yale University are both located in the state of Connecticut (USA), there is no business relationship between the two.

== Lock Listing ==

* [[Pin-tumbler]] locks
** [[Yale U.S.N. Electric]]

* [[Warded]] locks
** [[Yale 324]]

* [[Lever]] locks
** Add to me!

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==

* [http://www.yalelock.com Yale company homepage]

== See also ==

* [[Lock Manufacturers]]
* [[Pin-tumbler]]
* [[Linus Yale Jr]]
* [[Linus Yale Sr]]

[[Category:Lock Manufacturers]]
[[Category:Yale| ]]

Slim jim

2010-12-29T19:06:53Z

Robokaren: Created page with '=Slim Jim= Slim Jim is the trade name for a brand of automobile lockout tools that allows bypass entry to locked car doors. A slim piece of metal with a hook on the end is …'

=Slim Jim=

Slim Jim is the trade name for a brand of automobile lockout tools that allows [[bypass]] entry to locked car doors. A slim piece of metal with a hook on
the end is inserted between the car door window and the door frame and used to directly manipulate the latch mechanism.

The original manufacturer of slim jims was HPC Inc. The term has now fallen into the generic for all forms of car lockout tools.

Loiding

2010-12-29T19:02:23Z

Robokaren: /* Loiding */

Loiding

2010-12-29T19:02:05Z

Robokaren: Minor revisions

=Loiding =

'''Bold text'''Loiding is the use of a flat object such as a credit card to shim spring-latch locks on doors. It is a form of [[bypass]]. The flat object is slid between the latch and strike plate and used to retract the latch.

Modern spring-latch doors use a deadlatch or dead locking plunger to prevent loiding.

Loiding

2010-12-29T18:59:14Z

Robokaren: Created page. Stub entry.

Loiding is the use of a flat object such as a credit card to shim spring-latch locks on doors.

Bypass

2010-12-29T18:57:11Z

Robokaren: /* Methods of Bypass */ Link to loiding

=Bypass=

A '''bypass''' occurs when a [[Lock|lock]] is compromised without affecting the integrity of the lock [[Cylinder|cylinder]]. Generally, the [[Bolt|bolt]] or [[Actuator|actuator]] are targeted, though in some methods a knob or handle on the rear of a [[door]] is manipulated to allow entry. Bypass takes many forms, and can be either [[Non-destructive_Entry|non-destructive]] or [[Destructive_Entry|destructive]] depending on the technique used.

Bypass may also be used as a generic term for any technique used to [[Lock#Compromise_of_Locks|compromise]] a lock.

==Methods of Bypass==

There are few generic methods of bypass for lock cylinders; techniques are specific to design or installation flaws present in certain locks.

;Padlock Shimming
:Padlock shimming is perhaps the most ubiquitous method of bypass. It involves taking a small piece of metal and separating the locking bolt from the shackle in a padlock. Many low to medium security padlocks are vulnerable to this technique. Shims are available commercially, but can be made quickly with aluminum cans or, surprisingly, sufficiently strong paper.

;Lock Actuator Attacks
:Flaws in the design and placement of the locking actuator for the cylinder may allow a bypass tool to retract the locking bolt without the proper key inserted, or even internal components being in the proper positions. Various lock manufacturers have suffered from this vulnerability in the past.

;Locking Bolt Attacks
:Flaws in the design or installation of the locking bolt may allow the bolt to be retracted without using the correct key or picking the lock cylinder. The classic credit-card opening of doors (known as [[loiding]]) and slim jim on cars are two popular examples.

== See also ==

* [[Lockpicking]]
* [[Bolt]]
* [[Actuator]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

{{Stub}}

[[Category:Covert Entry]]

Category:Covert Entry

2010-12-29T18:55:02Z

Robokaren: /* Covert Entry */ Fixed my own booboo

=Covert Entry=

Covert entry is a method of entry that would be undetectable during normal use, but would be revealed during a [[Forensics|forensic]] inspection by a qualified person. The majority of non-destructive entry methods are considered covert. Methods of entry that are undetectable by forensic inspection are considered [[surreptitious entry]].

==See also==
* [[Destructive entry]]
* [[Surreptitious entry]]

Category:Covert Entry

2010-12-29T18:53:39Z

Robokaren: /* Covert Entry */ Not all covert entries are detectible

=Covert Entry=

Covert entry is a method of entry that would be undetectable during normal use, but may be revealed during a [[Forensics|forensic]] inspection by a qualified person. The majority of non-destructive entry methods are considered covert.

==See also==
* [[Destructive entry]]
* [[Surreptitious entry]]

Safecracking

2010-12-29T18:49:01Z

Robokaren: /* Sawing, Cutting, and Grinding */Hinges

= Safecracking =

[[Image:Safe_dial_drilled.jpg|thumb|text-top|right|250px|A safe that has been cracked via [[Destructive_Entry|drilling]].]]

'''Safecracking''' is the art of opening a [[Safe|safe]] without the proper [[Key|key]] or [[Combination|combination]]. The process may be either non-destructive or [[Destructive_Entry|destructive]] depending on the techniques used. While commonly associated with combination safes, non-destructive safecracking includes non-combination locks, as well. Safecracking is frequently used by [[Locksmithing|locksmiths]], safe technicians, and [[Locksport|locksport]] enthusiasts.

Like lockpicking tools, the legality of owning, making, or selling safecracking tools varies by country, state, and province. Please see [[Legal_Issues|legal issues]] for more information.

__TOC__

== History ==

Add to me!

== Non-Destructive Safecracking ==

Most non-destructive safecracking focuses on defeating the [[Lock|lock]] on the safe, either through manipulation or [[Bypass|bypass]]. Manipulation may take the form of lockpicking, impressioning, or decoding. Because of the popularity of combination locks, manipulation is most commonly associated with [[Decoding|decoding]] of the combination through touch and sound.

=== Manipulation ===

:''See also [[Lockpicking]], [[Impressioning]], [[Decoding]], and [[Bypass]].''

Manipulation of combination safes involves using sight, touch, and (to a lesser extent) hearing to determine the correct combination to open the safe. The process involves diagnostic tests using the safe dial to assess the correct position of each wheel within the lock. Because manipulation simulates the normal action of the combination lock it is considered [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious entry]].

Add to me!

=== Auto-dialers ===

Auto-dialers (or robot dialers) are computer controlled machines that brute-force the combination of a safe. Auto-dialers may either test the entire set of possible combinations or take into account the tolerances of the lock to reduce the search space dramatically. Auto dialers may also test factory default or predictable combinations given the model of the lock and personal information of the owner(s). Auto-dialers are generally considered surreptitious, but the mounting of the device onto the safe dial may leave [[Forensics|forensic]] evidence.

=== Vibration ===

Vibration is applied to the dial of a combination lock to force the wheel gates to slowly rotate to the proper position. This occurs because of the weight difference between the wheel and the gate. Vibration quickly became problematic on military naval vessels where vibration was a natural part of the environment. Most modern combination safes are now designed so that wheels are properly weighted to prevent this attack.

=== Radiological ===

Radiological safecracking focuses on using special tools and devices to view the safe in various methods not normally discernable by the human eye. Radiological attacks are generally [[Surreptitious_Entry|surreptitious]] unless easily detectable forensic evidence is left behind.

Penetrating radiation (beta ray, gamma ray, neutron beam, ultrasound, X-ray) is used to reveal the correct positions of internal components. This approach is most commonly used to find the correct position of wheels in a combination lock. Wheel made of low density materials, such as nylon or polyoxymethylene (Delrin), are used to frustrate this kind of attack.

Thermal and ultra-violet imaging is used against push-button or keypad based combination safes to reveal heat/UV residue on points recently touched by an authorized user. While this technique may not directly reveal the combination, it can drastically reduce the search space to a handful of potential combinations.

== Destructive Safecracking ==

:''Also see [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

===Drilling===

Drilling is the most common method of destructive safecracking. In drilling, one or more holes is drilled into the safe in order to destroy the locking bolt, the lock cylinder, or allow viewing of internal components to aid in lockpicking or decoding of the lock components.

===Explosives===

Explosives are used to damage or remove hardplate material, locks, relockers, bolts, and door hinges. Explosives are historically popular but use has dwindled with time as more advanced relocking mechanisms have become commonplace on high-security safes, limiting the effectiveness of targetted explosives. Modern explosives are still capable of compromising any safe, but are not as widely used bceause of the possibility of physical injury and collateral damage. The popularity and effectiveness of drilling techniques have also helped to reduce the use of explosives.

===Impact===

Impact may be used to fracture or destroy the safe's barrier material or locking mechanism in a variety of ways.

* Dropping the safe from a high altitude.
* In combination safes, the dial is removed and the dial spindle is impacted to cause the wheel pack to break through the casing. Most modern safes have a default relocker to prevent this.
* Repeated impact to the locking bolt causing it to deform, shear, or weaken.

=== Sawing, Cutting, and Grinding ===

A high speed grinder, saw, or similar tool is used to cut through barrier material, hinges, or, if exposed, the locking bolt. Like drilling, particularly effective against safes that are not classified as burglarly resistant.

=== Peeling ===

An axe is used to break into the barrier material and a crowbar or similar tool is used to peel the barrier material away. This technique is rarely effective against modern safes and is extremely time and labor intensive.

=== Prying ===

A crowbar or similar tool is used to pry apart the door or side of the safe. Unlike peeling, prying actually tears the safe open, rather than peeling off barrier materials. This attack is also time and labor intensive, but is somewhat more effective than peeling against modern safes.

== Safecracking in the Media ==

Safecracking is frequently portrayed in television shows, films, and literature. As with lockpicking, the tools or techniques used are often inaccurate. Namely, the use of a stethoscope, or counting the number of clicks made by dial rotation.

Television:
* Mythbusters

Films:

* Bad Santa
* Blue Streak
* Brainiac
* Die Hard
* Heat
* Hudson Hawk
* Killing Zoe
* Ocean's Eleven
* On Her Majesty's Secret Service
* Safe Men
* Short Circuit 2
* Small Time Crooks
* The Bank Job
* The Italian Job
* The Ladykillers
* The Newton Boys
* The Score
* Thief
* Thunderbolt and Lightfoot
* Vabank
* You Only Live Twice

Literature:
* [http://www.literaturecollection.com/a/o_henry/106/ A Retrieved Reformation], O. Henry (1909)
* Cryptonomicon, Neal Stephenson (1999)

== Safecracking in the News ==

* WIRED Magazine, ''The Untold Story of the World's Biggest Diamond Heist''. [http://www.wired.com/politics/law/magazine/17-04/ff_diamonds 1]

== See also ==

* [[Safe]]
* [[Lock]]
* [[Surreptitious_Entry|Surreptitious Entry]]
* [[Destructive_Entry|Destructive Entry]]

[[Category:Surreptitious_Entry]]
[[Category:Destructive_Entry]]
[[Category:Safecracking]]

Legal issues

2010-12-29T18:46:43Z

Robokaren: /* Legal Issues */ Updated prima facie

=Legal Issues=

[[Lockpicking]] and [[Safecracking|safecracking]] are almost always legal hobbies when you own the [[lock]] or [[safe]] you are attempting to open. Most legal complications involve possession of tools.

In most jurisdictions, lockpicking and safecracking are only illegal under the following circumstances:

* Possession with intent to commit a crime
* Done '''without''' the permission of the lock/safe owner
* Prima facie (see below)

Regardless of what this page says, always verify your local and federal laws prior to purchasing, making, or selling any lockpicking and safecracking tools.

__TOC__

==Permission==

Lockpicking is generally allowed when permission is granted to the lockpicker by the owner of the lock. In this sense, picking locks that you own is legal. This is similar to the digital laws that allow you to legally hack your own computer.

==Possession of Tools==

Most governments require that the intent to commit a crime be present before possession of lockpicking tools is illegal. For example, crowbars and hammers can be used as burglary tools, but until intent is shown or a crime is committed they cannot be considered burglary tools. The same goes for lockpicking tools.

One important consideration is whether your state, local, or national laws consider possession to be ''prima facie'' intent to commit a crime. This establishes that possession of tools is illegal because it is "self evident" that tools will be used for malicious intent. In these jurisdictions it is usually required that you be in one of the following categories to legally possess tools:

* Government/Law Enforcement
* Lock manufacturer/distributor
* Locksmith (certification required, usually)
* Automobile dealer
* Repossessor

==Sale of Tools==

The legality of manufacturing, sale, and advertising of tools varies greatly between jurisdictions. In most cases sale is legal, but with various restrictions. Most laws require that sales or transfers of tools be recorded, sometimes with very strict documentation requirements. Jurisdictions that have prima facie laws in effect may require that sale be restricted to specific professions.

==Transfer of Tools==

In the United States, [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/39/usc_sec_39_00003002---a000-.html U.S.C 39.3002a] states that locksmithing tools are nonmailable and should be disposed of by the Postal Service (USPS). Exceptions to the rule include:

* A lock manufacturer or distributor
* A "bona fide" locksmith
* A "bona fide" repossesor
* A motor vehicle manufacturer or dealer

Being "bona fide" is not clearly defined, and the hobbyist is a grey area. Regardless, in reality most packages are allowed to continue through the postal system. This law does not apply to private shipping companies, though they may have their own policies regarding locksmithing tools.

==Other Concerns==

The method of opening may constitute additional legal concerns. This is especially true if explosives, firearms, or hazardous materials (high temperatures, toxic gases, acids) are used. Remember to check all applicable local and federal laws for any additional circumstances. Furthermore, always consider any insurance contracts that may affect the use of manipulation or bypass on any locking component.

=Legality in the US, by state=
{{Template:Legal Issues:USChart}}

=Legality around the world, by country=
{{Template:Legal Issues:WorldChart}}

== See also ==
* [[Lockpicking]]
* [[Safecracking]]